Acknowledgements                                                                                                 8

Foreword by David Linley                                                                                       9

Preface by David R. Russell                                                                                   10

Introduction by John Adamson                                                                              15

Tools from prehistory to Roman times                                                                    24

The Early and Middle Palaeolithic periods                                                              24

The Late Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods                                                          26

The Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods                                                                   27

The Bronze Age in the Middle East and Europe                                                     32

The Iron Age and Roman period in Europe                                                            37

Anvils and tongs                                                                                                    40

Axes and adzes                                                                                                     45

Race knives                                                                                                           56

Saws                                                                                                                     57

Rules and gauges                                                                                                   64

Mortise gauges                                                                                                      74

Compasses, dividers and drawing instruments                                                        75

Bevels, squares and levels                                                                                      83

Plumb bobs                                                                                                           88

Wooden planes: Continental                                                                                  96

Long planes                                                                                                           97

17th- and 18th-century hand-made planes                                                           110

The Dürer Eight                                                                                                   116

Early smoothing, block and jack planes                                                                120

Coach-maker’s plough planes                                                                              131

French plough planes                                                                                           134

Wooden planes: Continental continued

German and Austrian plough planes                                                                     137

Dutch plough planes                                                                                            139

German fillisters                                                                                                   140

French and German tongue-and-groove planes                                                    140

Moulding, rebate and other planes                                                                       142

Dutch miniature planes, 1600-1800                                                                     151

Wooden planes: English and Scottish                                                                   153

Moulding planes, 1700-1899                                                                               153

Plough planes, c. 1680–c. 1910                                                                           186

Coach-maker's tools                                                                                           214

Panel-fielding and comice planes, c. 1710–c. 1790                                              221

Sash fillister planes                                                                                               226

Skew-mouth moving fillister planes                                                                       236

Universal beading fillister planes                                                                           240

Smoothing, rebate, moulding and grooving planes, 1800-1920                             240

Smoothing planes                                                                                                240

Bull-nose chamfer and smoothing planes                                                              244

Com pass smoothing planes                                                                                 245

Rebate and moulding planes                                                                                 246

Other planes                                                                                                        252

Wooden planes: American                                                                                   254

Molding planes                                                                                                    254

Plow planes                                                                                                         258

Comice and architrave planes                                                                              269

Metal planes: Continental                                                                                     272

Early continental, c. 1570-1799                                                                           272

Continental1250-1920                                                                                        278

Metal planes: English and Scottish                                                                        287

Bull-nose planes                                                                                                  287

Preston planes                                                                                                     288

Chariot planes                                                                                                     289

Mitre and rebate planes                                                                                       294

Smoothing and compass planes                                                                            304

Combination plane                                                                                               310

Badger planes                                                                                                     312

Panel planes                                                                                                        313

Metal planes: American                                                                                       314

The Stanley Rule & Level Company                                                                    321

Special planes                                                                                                     331

Chamfer planes                                                                                                   332

Cooper's croze and compass planes                                                                    338

Old woman's tooth planes                                                                                    342

Spelk or scaleboard planes                                                                                  346

Spokeshaves                                                                                                       348

Stringed-instrument maker's planes                                                                      350

English and Scottish tool-makers                                                                          357

Charles Bayfield, Nottingham (1851–at least 1911)                                              358

Joseph Fenn, London (trading 1821-1873)                                                          360

John Jacob Holtzapffel and the founding of a tool-making dynasty                         362

Planes                                                                                                                 365

Saws                                                                                                                   372

Braces and bow drill                                                                                            373

Kerr                                                                                                                    377

I. Norris & Son, London conti