Foreword 9
Introduction 11
Technical Terras 14
Basic gemologists' instruments 14
History, Myths and Legends 16
Precious Stones
Diamond 20
The 4 Cs: Colour, Clarity, Cut and Carat 21
Famous stones 26
Improvements 27
When is a Diamond not a Diamond? 28
Teiling the Difference 31
Emerald 33
Ruby 36
Saophre 38
The Gemstones
Andalusite 40
Aquamarine 41
Benitoite 42
Beryl: Green Beryl; Heliodor (Yellow Beryl);
Morganite; Red Beryl (Bixbite) 42
Charoite 43
Chrvsoberyl: Alexandrite; Cat's Eye 43
Chrysocolla 44
Danburite 45
Diaspore 45
Dumortierite 46
Feldspars: Amazonite; Labradorite;
Moonstone; Orthoclase; Sunstone 46
Fluorspar/Fluorite: Blue John 48
Carnet: Pyrope; Almandine; Rhodolite; Hessonite;
Spessartine; Demantoid; Tsavorite 50
Glass & Paste 52
Hematite 54
Hiddenite 54
lotte 54
Jade: Jadeite; Nephrite 55
Kunzite: Azonite 56
Lapis Lazuli 57
Malachite 58
Marcasite 59
Opal: Precious Opal (Black, Light and Clear);
Fire Opal; Jelly Opal 60
Peridot 62
Quartz 63
Crystalline: Amethyst; Brown, Smoky and Cairngorm;
Citrine;
Rock Crystal; Rose Quartz
Cryptocrystalline: Chalcedony (Chrysoprase, Agate,
Bloodstone or Heliotrope, Carnelian, Chrome Chalcedony,
Jasper); Tiger's Eye Rhodochrosite 68
Rhodonite 68
Serpentine: Bowenite; Connemara Marble 69
Soapstone 69
Sodalite 70
Spinel 70
Tanzanite 71
Topaz 72
Tourmaline: Achroite; Chrome Tourmaline; Dravite;
Indicolite; Rubellite; 74
Schorl; Paraiba or Neon Tourmaline; Watermelon
Tourmaline Tugtupite 76
Turquoise 76
Unakite 78
Zircon 78
Organic Gems
Amber 80
Ammolite 82
Coral 82
Horn 83
Ivory 84
Jet 85
Pearls 86
Size; shape; colour; lustre
Cultured; Simulated; Freshwater
Shell: Abalone or Paua Shell; Mother-of-Pearl;
Helmet Shell Operculum; 90
Tortoiseshell
Minor Gemstones 94
Buying Gemstones
Treatments 96
Synthetics 97
Collecting 98
Jewellery: gold; palladium; pinchbeck; platinum;
rolled gold; silver 99
Hallmarks 100
Gems around the world
Africa 101
The Americas: Central and South America 101
The Americas: North America 103
Asia 103
Austratasia 105
Europe 106
Middle East 108
Gems on the internet 110
Appendices
1.Glossary 111
2.Rainbovv of colours 113
3.Specific Gravity & Refractive Index of Gemstones 114
4. Translations 116
5.Tanzanite Values 117
6.Diamond values 117
7.Comparative Gem Values 118
8.Further Reading 119
Index 121
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